Essay on The Occupy Movement - 1115 Words

â€Å"No one ever seizes power with the intention of relinquishing it. Power is not a means, it is an end. One does not establish a dictatorship in order to safeguard a revolution; one makes the revolution in order to establish the dictatorship. The object of persecution is persecution. The object of torture is torture. The object of power is power.† George Orwell Occupy Wall Street (OWS) is a protest movement which began September 17, 2011 in Zuccotti Park, located in New York Citys Wall Street financial district, which was initiated by the Canadian activist group Adbusters. The protests are against social and economic inequality, high unemployment, greed, as well as corruption, and the undue influence of corporations—particularly from the†¦show more content†¦This amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, hindering the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances. Originally, the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by Congress. However, the Supreme Court ruled that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applies the First Amendment to each state, including any local government. The Occupy Wall Street protests are hitting a nerve. A dearth of jobs, overwhelming student loans and soaring health-care costs are just three major issues protesters have targeted. And regardless of politics, economic data suggests theyre not alone in their frustrations. It may be why the protests have spread to other cities - including Boston, Cincinnati, Seattle and Washington, D.C. - after taking root in downtown New York. As tensions rose between protestors and police around the country, several eruptions of violence occurred. One of the most prominent took place at Occupy Oakland on October 25, 2011, when protestor Scott Olsen was struck in the head by a police-fired canister. The former marine was left with significant head injuries and was placed in critical care. Another famous incident occurred when a retired teacher, Dorli Rainey, was pepperShow MoreRelated A Call To Occupy Movement Essay1340 Words   |  6 Pages The Occupy Movement has inspired a domino-like effect the world over, starting rebellions from the Americas to Asia. The universal vision of the movement is its aim to get the 99% to overthrow the rules decided and regulated by the rich, the powerful and the one percent for the greater benefit of the one percent. According to the anonymous writers of the official Occupy Movement page, â€Å"to occupy is to embody the spirit of liberation that we wish to manifest in our society. It is to exercise ourRead MoreOccupy Wall Street Movement1039 Words   |  5 PagesOccupy Wall Street Movement Moral and Ethical Implications Occupy Wall Street Movement Moral and Ethical Implications The Occupy Wall Street Movement that started in September 2011 in Liberty Square in the Finical District was movement organized by people to expose corruptions in cooperate America. The Occupy Wall Street Movement was known, as the peaceful protest due to it’s non-violent, non-aggressive nature and spread to over a one hundred and fifty cities crossRead MoreThe Occupy Wall Street Movement1625 Words   |  7 PagesStarted on September 17, 2011, the Occupy Wall Street Movement began in the Financial District of New York City and has received resonance in other American cities as well as to 82 other countries. Concentrating on how the current economic system has affected peoples’ lives, the movement raised issues about the lack in democracy of the financial system, social and economic inequality, and the connection between financial and political power. The income inequality between the rich and the poor wasRead MoreOccupy Wall Street Movement1612 Words   |  7 P agesOccupy Wall Street Movement Business Ethics 309 Discuss the moral and economic implications involved in the movement. September 17, 2011 is the day the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement began in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City. The main issues include social and economic inequality, greed, corruption and the undue influence of corporations on government according to The New York Times. The mix of moral foundations based on ideas from the anthropologist Richard Shweder, outline sixRead MoreThe Occupy Wall Street Movement1982 Words   |  8 PagesThe Occupy Movement is an international activist movement that fosters social and economic change and originated from the actions of the Occupy Wall Street movement (source #7). The focus is on the Occupy Wall Street movement that was launched on September 17th 2011 and was catalysed by Adbusters activist Micah White. White created a web page about the corruption that was happening surrounding the financial crisis in the United States leading to the most recent recession. Large corporations basedRead MoreEssay on Occupy Wall Street Movement928 Words   |  4 PagesThe Occupy Wall Street Movement that began in New York Sept. 17 and has since spread like wildfire across the world has made an undeniable impact on the social and political climate of the Upper Midwest. | With various Occupy protest committees continuing to spring up across Minnesota and North Dakota, many working people in the region who, previously, might not have come together on other political issues say they have found common ground in the Occupy Movement. Union, non-union, white collarRead MoreThe Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pages Occupy Wall Street has been called many things including: unfocused, ungrounded, and silly. Others coin it as â€Å"America’s first internet-era movement† (Rushkoff). In quintessence, Occupy Wall Street is a series of protests and demonstrations that oppose the influence that corporate greed has on American Democracy. The protestors manipulate marches and nonviolent demonstrations to express their dissatisfaction with the state of American Politics and economy. This relates to the political scienceRead More Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesOccupy Wall Street Movement If heavy student loan debt , soaring tuition fee, climbing taxes, plummeting financial aid, nose-diving employment opportunities, exacerbating inequality between common people and wealthy class, are some of the issues that infuriate you and lead you to blame government’s generous bailing out failed banks and other financial institutions then you cannot not know about Occupy Wall Street(OWS) movement. List all information you know about your subject Occupy Wall StreetRead MoreThe Occupy Wall Street Movement and Ensuing Controversy Essay2019 Words   |  9 PagesNew York which is Wall Street’s financial district under the banner â€Å"Occupy Wall Street†: these three simple words are causing an uproar in America (Engler). Additionally, these three words happen to be protesting the current status of America’s financial condition. With the economy in America being as terrible as it is, and the unemployment rate skyrocketing, it is absolutely necessary for some sort of change to occur. The Occupy Wall Street protesting is most positively a progressive step for theRead MoreEssay about Occupy Wall Street Movement1817 Words   |  8 PagesRunning head: OCCUPY WALL STREET Assignment #1 Occupy Wall Street Movement Brenda Bryant Dr. Obi. Iwuanyanwu BUS309 Business Ethics October 5, 2012 Discuss the moral and economic implications involved in the movement. The Occupy movement was a protest that gathered local organizers, students, and activists in response to the economic disparity of countries around the world. The protest gained momentum after a continuous series of protests took place in Zuccotti Park in New York Citys

Understanding Community Policing - 718 Words

Community policing encompasses two-way communication between the local population and the police. Main concerns are defined by the community, and the community plays a crucial part in the modeling and executing locally appropriate and acceptable solutions to its problems within the community. Community policing is basically non police officers or civilians that monitor and voice concerns about neighborhood crime. They talk about public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime. Joint partnerships between the police and the community they serve to develop solutions to problems and increase trust in police. Community policing, knowing that police rarely can solve public safety problems alone, boosts interactive partnerships with relevant stakeholders. The range of prospective partners is great and these partnerships can be used to reach the two combined goals of developing answers to problems through joint problem solving and improving public trust. The public sho uld play a vital role in arranging public safety problems. The community policing idea stresses on the way that departments are organized and managed and how the organization can be changed to support the moral shift behind community policing. It promotes the use of modern supervision practices to increase efficiency and effectiveness. Community policing emphasizes changes in organizational structures to institutionalize its adoption and infuse it throughout the entire department, including theShow MoreRelatedCommunity Policing And Community Crime1578 Words   |  7 Pages Community Policing and Community Crime Mackenzie L. Goehl Culver-Stockton College November 2015 Introduction Community policing is values that encourages organizational approaches such as strategies and policies. Community policing advises all parts of police business and also supports problem-solving practices. Community policing consist of strategies, tactics, and values. Thus, community policing is also sometimes know as problem-oriented policing. The sole purpose of communityRead More Community Organizing and Policing Essay3097 Words   |  13 PagesCommunity Organizing and Policing Introduction Community Development refers to efforts to mobilize people, who are directly affected by a community condition, into groups and organizations which enables them to take action on the social problems and issues that concerns them. (http://www.abacon.com/books/ab_020526834x.html) There are many reasons why residents in a community form teams; the desire to create and act upon a shared vision, develop community cohesion, and solve or reduceRead MoreCommunity Policing : One Of The Newer Looks On Law Enforcement976 Words   |  4 Pages English 110 15 October 2015 Community Policing Community policing is one of the newer looks on law enforcement. Many people do not know exactly community policing is or how it works. It is used in many places around the world and has many elements needed to be successful. It varies from traditional policing with how they want to solve the problems in the community. What is community policing? Well there is not a definite definition for what community policing is but according to TrohanowiczRead MorePolicing Research Paper1136 Words   |  5 PagesA survey was conducted which consist of ten questions. Each question of this survey deals with policing in America, weather it is the area in which you encountered officers to how your encounter was with them. 54 individuals of different races and ages took this survey. The survey was structured in a way to see if there is a connection between the old policing and the new age policing. In this survey, the participants must answer all the questions to the best of their ability. The participants includedRead MoreCommunity Policing and Problem Solving1135 Words   |  5 PagesCommunity Policing and Problem Solving Policing John K. Forrest II CJS/210 August 15, 2010 Travis Coldwell Community Policing and Problem Solving Policing When police departments and crime rates of the past are examined there are some apologist who believe that America would be in a better law enforcement situation provide the policies of the past we put back into use. With the public becoming more technologically advanced and criminal’s awareness of prosecution avoidance, communityRead MoreCommunity Policing And The City Council874 Words   |  4 Pagesconnected with them would you feel safer? Would you like more community awareness or to know that the police are concerned with citizens’ problems and concerns not just incidents? These are questions to think about when you are considering community policing. How do you want the police involved in your community? What would make you feel safe in your home and neighbor? In this paper I will be giving you information about community policing and comparing it to our current traditional approach in hopesRead MorePolice Academy Training Program Must Go Beyond Arrest Proc edures1370 Words   |  6 Pagesinstruction that emphasizes the discretionary application of a range of skills that relate to real world circumstances (Kelling, Wasserman, Williams, 1988). Much police academy training is undermined in the field. For this reason, a change to community policing philosophy and its subsequent organizational changes must be trained to senior members of the department. The Field Training Officer (FTO) program needs to be modified to put an emphasis on COP philosophy including ethical problem solving andRead MoreCommunity Policing Is Defined As The System Of Allocating Police Officers Essay1063 Words   |  5 PagesJustice Capstone â€Æ' Community policing is defined as the system of allocating police officers to particular areas so that they become familiar with the local inhabitants. Many communities have at least one officer assigned to patrol their area and tend to the people living within the area. These community policing officers take notice of the area and learn the ins and outs of these neighborhoods and surrounding areas. The officer familiarizes themselves with the people in the community and builds a strongRead MoreCommunity Policing Is The Relationship And Co Operation Between Law Enforcement And The People Of The Community1188 Words   |  5 PagesCommunity policing is the relationship and co-operation between law enforcement and the people of the community. The idea behind it is that law enforcement’s performance can be improved in the areas of crime control and order maintenance with the help of the public; through reaching out to the community and information sharing, law enforcement can esta blish a mutual understanding. This outlook on crime control and prevention encourages community members to participate in problem solving. â€Å"CommunitiesRead MorePolice Department And The Department s Records Management System909 Words   |  4 PagesThe Brownwood (Texas) Police Department must show efficiency in the ability to collect, examine, and compare a significant amount of information in order to understand crime issues that affect our community. The department must consistently evaluate and measure the success of our intelligence-led policing capabilities and strategies. Currently the department relies heavily on analyzing the monthly statistics that are submitted to the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), along with monthly intelligence meetings

The Klan of the 1930s Free Essays

The Klan of the 1930’s In 1865, the bloodiest war in American history drew itself to a much-needed end. However, the gory war had severe repercussions. One of which is the Ku Klux Klan, or as it is more commonly known, the ‘KKK’, or even ‘the Klan’. We will write a custom essay sample on The Klan of the 1930s or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Klan was not originally meant to perform filthy crimes against humanity, but any group started by individuals with such dark beliefs is bound to morph into something unintentionally. Something horrible. Something that would burn fear into the minds of every Catholic, every Jew, every African American, and anyone else who seemed unfit. That omniscient ‘something’ is the Ku Klux Klan, an organization equally as treacherous as the Nazi’s to anyone who truly know of them. The Ku Klux Klan is beyond doubt one of most terrifying things in all of American history, and still present day. From it’s unassuming beginnings, to it’s cruelty to their fellow man, to their . After the civil war, many ex-confederate soldiers had nothing to do- their bones ached with boredom. That very boredom is what ushered the beginning of the Klan in May of 1866 in Pulaski, Tennessee. Boredom is what started this horrible, seemingly cult-like, group. The group was given its rise by approximately six ex-confederate soldiers as merely a racist, social gathering. Something to lift their sunken spirits. But, gradually, talk began to turn violent. At first, just little practical jokes, then as fate would have it, they evolved into a violent hate group and performed murderous and treacherous hate crimes that society seemed to turn it’s back on and God seemed to flinch at. How could men do such horrible things? Had we no souls? Klan violence worked to suppress black voting. Over 2,000 people were killed, wounded and otherwise. Klan members adopted masks and robes that hid their identities and added to the drama of their night rides, their chosen time for attacks. Many of them operated in small towns and rural areas where people otherwise knew each other’s faces, and sometimes still recognized the attackers. During the mobbing the Klan would riot by yelling out racist things. They would also hurt people who spoke out against them. Sometimes they would disrupt a certain black organization and rob people. During the hangings that they did, the KKK would find some black people, whether it meant kidnapping them or taking people just walking by and would take them to a hidden place where they were hung. When shootings occurred, the Klan were often the ones who started it, most likely by going and shooting at rallies for black people. The Klan also just started shooting at cars with black people going by or at a black family’s houses. Although the Klan did these horrible things, they were very rarely arrested for doing them. Although some police agreed with the Ku Klux Klan, others tried there hardest to find and arrest them. It was hard to find the Klan, because they never stayed in one place for long due to the fear of capture. 3 years ago Report Abuse Additional Details my grand pa was a confederate general, i have nothing against it†¦ 3 years ago the question is what is the third thing i can use for my thesis? 3 years ago I WANT HELP WITH MY THESIS, NOT ADVICE. THANK YOU THOUGH. ————————————————- Explain how the KKK are supposedly the â€Å"ghosts of the Confederate soldiers† (after they lost the Civil War) and how they hanged Blacks in retribution, bombed Black churches, burned crosses on lawns and killed people during their infamous night rides. The first Klan was founded in 1865 in Tennessee, which had about 550,000 total members. Key members in the second klan were Nathan Bedford Forest, a Civil War veteran. Forrest allegedly responded, â€Å"That’s a good thing; that’s a damn good thing. We can use that to keep the ******* in their place. † That demonstrates that the KKK’s main goal was reactionary, to keep Blacks down after they lost rights to slavery during the Civil War. In 1915, the second Klan was founded. At the turn of the century, the new KKK focused on more groups, such as the Jewish and Catholics. The created the movies called â€Å"The Birth of a Nation† that portrayed the KKK as heroes. Also, they were rather infamous in their case with Leo Frank. Leo Frank, a Jewish man whose controversial death sentence for the rape and murder of a young White girl named Mary Phagan had been commuted, was lynched near Atlanta against a backdrop of media frenzy. Also note the second KKK had about 6,000,000 members total and was VERY successful in terms of numbers and political power. The third klan formed in 1946 and opposed the later Civil Rights Movement. However, the third klan lost most political influence because racism was getting less accepted as times changed. Also note, around this time, they began committing questionable assassinations and bombings of Black churches. They, in 1963, assassinated NAACP organiser Medgar Evers in Mississippi. In 1994, former Ku Klux Klansman Byron De La Beckwith was convicted. Of course, the racism resulted in the Blacks forming their own groups for protection. Also put that many KKK groups, from the third re-birth, exist today, in which, according to the Southern Poverty Law Center, 187 active KKK groups supposedly exist in the United States. The state with the most KKK groups, is Texas, containing 26 total. ————————————————- How to cite The Klan of the 1930s, Papers

Communication Skills in Social Work for Health Care- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCommunication Skills in Social Work for Health Care. Answer: Health care field is a demanding and intensive service where health care staffs as well as patients or client may need help to address their health issues or professional issues in life. As health care organizations are the touch points and focus for recovery of patients, newly placed staffs may require help in solving complex issues in their professional practice or a health care professional may require help in effectively communicating with clients to understand their health issues and build therapeutic relationship with patients. Hence, helping process is crucial for client engagement in health care delivery and optimizing their health outcomes. Similarly, the helping process is critical for health care professionals to learn the strategies needed to overcome complex issues in practice. The essays give a detail insight into the stages of helping process and the role of communication strategies in each stage of helping process. Discussion is also provided for the barrier to commun ication process that influences engagement and the ways to address them. In the health care field, health care simulation and debriefing methods is an excellent example of the helping process. The timing, facilitation, conversation and process elements determine the process of helping and learning for target health care staffs (Sawyer et al., 2016). Whatever might be the context or purpose of helping any client, the stages of helping process is similar for all context. All facilitator goes through the five stages of relationship building, assessment, goal setting, interventions and termination and follow-up during the helping process. The first stage of relationship building focuses on establishing genuine relationship with client based on trust and non-judgmental attitude. Any client feel safe and wish to participate in helping process or training only when facilitators respect the best interest of clients and communicate with empathy to help them verbalize their feelings and problem (Fox, 2013). It is also evident that trust between facilitator-client i s built by displaying acceptance, empathy, respect and non-judgmental attitude towards client. Grinberg et al., (2016) showed that in case of care management programs for patients with multiple chronic conditions, the element of security, genuineness and continuity facilitates building authentic healing relationship. Such relationship lead to active healthy management and motivation of patient to address persistent health issues too. The second stage in the helping process is the assessment or clarification stage where formal and informal communication methods and technique is applied to get data regarding range of problems experience by clients. The questions used in this stage may be close ended and open ended questions. Maintaining sensitivity is crucial at this stage because certain question may have negative effects on clients and they may feel anxious or vulnerable (Joyce Sills, 2014).Hence, having knowledge regarding the appropriate ways to communicate is important at this stage. The next stages that follows in the helping process is the goal setting phase which is made easier by going through the first two stages. By this stage, the facilitator is clear about the issues facing client and the appropriate technique needed to address the issue. Based on the knowledge regarding clients issues, goal setting process for the future makes it clear to the facilitator as well as the client as to where they are hea ding. To establish a new goal for client, facilitators also communicate to patient about the desired outcome and benefits of the goals in the near future. The fourth stage in the helping process is the intervention stage where appropriate intervention is implemented according to the learning ability, experience and comfort level of clients (Hackney Bernard, 2016). In context of client suffering from major depression and altered moods, cognitive behavioral intervention is often provided by counselors to replace maladaptive behaviors with desirable behavior (Kendall Hollon, 2013).The final stage in the process is the termination and follow process where relationship ends after the goal of helping is achieved (Fox, 2013). After reviewing the process involved in all the five stages of helping process, it is evident that communication skill plays a crucial role in interacting and building a trusting relationship with clients. Whether the helping process is for any patients or any newly placed nurse in health care setting, integrating communication strategies at each stage is important for the success of mentoring process. Firstly, patience is needed as building relationship requires time and right communication styles. Interacting with clients in a friendly and supportive manner to ensure that client becomes comfortable and develops the trust that that the mentor is there to address their concerns only (Ivey, Ivey, Zalaquett, 2013).In addition, having a non-judgmental attitude and expressing care or concern helps to strike the balance between facilitative and authoritative role of mentors. In the assessment stage too, the style of communication used by the mentor has significant impact on the clients. The supportive skill is demonstrated by the mentors by expressing good intention and purpose of counseling or mentoring. In addition, giving good attentions to clients reduced the feeling of vulnerability in the client and they become comfortable to honestly disclose importance issues or challenges affecting them. The eliciting skill is demonstrated by mentors by asking clarifying questions and prompting the client to say more about any issues. Such process in interaction promotes reflective listening and provokes clients to self-discover their worries and solutions through reflecting (Okun Kantrowitz, 2014).. Moreover, verbal and non-verbal gestures play an important in increasing the success of the helping process. For example, posture, tone of voice, eye contact, touch, proximity and facial expressions determines the level of genuineness and concern for clients. A men tor leaning forward to ask questions and holding their hand gently during communication is a sign of interest in clients issues and being supportive to address their worries respectively (Zhou Fischer, 2017). Hence, it can be said that use of verbal as well as non-verbal communication skills helps to build rapport and extract useful information from clients. Similar communication style is often adapted by counselor when interviewing clients regarding the problem in their lives. Integration of communication strategies is also necessary during goal planning stage. By this stage, the problem or concern of client is known and facilitator communicate with client in a way to determine the problem in current situations and the appropriate intervention needed to achieve the goal of counseling (Eller, Lev Feurer, 2014).. In this stage also, facilitative style helps to collaborate with mentee and make them accept the need to adapt new behavior to achieve desired goals. In this stage, question is often used to analyse the thinking process of mentee and their readiness or acceptance to adapt a new idea. Considering about confidentiality issues and informing clients about all possible risk and benefits of specific intervention is crucial at this stage to motivate clients to accept the change (Smith Lewis, 2015). In the intervention stage, the authoritative style become dominant as mentors need to contribute their experience and knowledge correctly to client to maximiz e the benefits for them. Hence, authoritative style helps to correct the action and offer advice to client. Finally, during the termination stage of helping process, communication is necessary to make it clear to the mentee that a particular goal has been achieve and no more support is required by mentee. They may end the relationship by encouraging the client to continue with new behavior or change (Moore, 2014). The above discussion gives a clear idea regarding the link between communication strategies and helping process. However, many factors act as barriers in the helping and mentoring process which may limit the achievement of desired outcomes. These barriers may include organizational barriers such as lack of value to coaching, lack of time and resources for mentoring, resistance from senior staffs and low priority to mentoring process over other issues in organization (Janssen et al., 2014). In addition, poor communications skills in mentors or conflicting relationship between learner and mentor may hamper the purpose of helping and increase the likelihood of challenges and conflict in the process (Gopee, 2015). In many situations, lack of commitment of learners to adapt to new behavior also creates challenges for mentors during the helping process (Lee, Bell, Shaulskiy, 2017). In case of organization barriers, the issue can be addressed by having a clear process of mentoring and maki ng all key stakeholders aware about the helping process, support, supervision and its benefit for the organization. Having clear idea about the timing and place of mentoring and integrating them in existing practice is also crucial to address the barriers in the helping process. Poor communication skills also limit the purpose of helping purpose. For such mentors, there is a need to learn about socialized perceptions, appropriate behavior and ways to use verbal and non-verbal language with mentees (Liang et al., 2013). The essay summarized the key stages which is essential in the helping process with examples from the health care field. In all the stages, appropriate methods of communication determine the success of the helping process. However, certain organizational and professional barriers to the mentoring process has also been identified that may defeat the whole purpose of helping a staff. In such situation, both the organization and supervisor must identify the key weakness and effectively integrate the helping process in existing practice. Reference Eller, L. S., Lev, E. L., Feurer, A. (2014). Key components of an effective mentoring relationship: A qualitative study.Nurse education today,34(5), 815-820. Fox, R. (2013).Elements of the helping process: A guide for clinicians. Routledge. Gopee, N. (2015).Mentoring and supervision in healthcare. Sage. Grinberg, C., Hawthorne, M., LaNoue, M., Brenner, J., Mautner, D. (2016). The core of care management: the role of authentic relationships in caring for patients with frequent hospitalizations.Population health management,19(4), 248-256. Hackney, H. L., Bernard, J. M. (2016).Professional Counseling: A Process Guide to Helping. Pearson. Ivey, A. E., Ivey, M. B., Zalaquett, C. P. (2013).Intentional interviewing and counseling: Facilitating client development in a multicultural society. Nelson Education. Janssen, S., Van Vuuren, M., De Jong, M. D. (2014). Motives to mentor: Self-focused, protg-focused, relationship-focused, organization-focused, and unfocused motives.Journal of Vocational Behavior,85(3), 266-275. Joyce, P., Sills, C. (2014).Skills in Gestalt counselling psychotherapy. Sage. Kendall, P. C., Hollon, S. D. (Eds.). (2013).Assessment Strategies for CognitiveBehavioral Interventions. Academic Press. Lee, J. J., Bell, L. F., Shaulskiy, S. L. (2017). Exploring mentors perceptions of mentees and the mentoring relationship in a multicultural service-learning context.Active Learning in Higher Education, 1469787417715203. Liang, B., Spencer, R., West, J., Rappaport, N. (2013). Expanding the reach of youth mentoring: Partnering with youth for personal growth and social change.Journal of Adolescence,36(2), 257-267. Moore, C. W. (2014).The mediation process: Practical strategies for resolving conflict. John Wiley Sons. Okun, B., Kantrowitz, R. (2014).Effective helping: Interviewing and counseling techniques. Nelson Education. Sawyer, T., Eppich, W., Brett-Fleegler, M., Grant, V., Cheng, A. (2016). More than one way to debrief: a critical review of healthcare simulation debriefing methods.Simulation in Healthcare,11(3), 209-217. Smith, M. K., Lewis, M. (2015). Toward facilitative mentoring and catalytic interventions.Elt Journal,69(2), 140-150. Zhou, Y., Fischer, M. H. (2017). Mimicking non-verbal emotional expressions and empathy development in simulated consultations: An experimental feasibility study.Patient Education and Counseling.

Managing Product and Service Innovation for Kodak

Introduction Innovation is an object, idea or practice that is regarded as new by individuals or units for adoption (Rodgers, 1983). It is the invention of more effective or better ideas, services, processes, products or technologies which are readily accepted by the target market, the society and governments. In regard to innovation, the target market is the most important.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Managing Product and Service Innovation for Kodak specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Innovations act as the catalysts for growth in the increasingly competitive business field. Irrespective of the field a company operates, firms must continually transform structures of the economy from within by being innovative in products, services and processes. Companies must also seek for improved ways and methods to enchant their customer base with improved and better quality, price, service and durability. These are the p roducts of innovation which might be realized through the integration of organizational strategies and advanced technologies. Innovations will not only add value to the customers, but also make business economically feasible (Tushman Anderson, 2004). This paper explores innovation with regard to Kodak Eastman which used innovations to become the leader in the film and photography industry. Kodak Eastman Company Background Kodak Eastman was founded by George Eastman. The first camera to consumers was handed to a customer in 1888 with the slogan ‘You press the button, we do the rest’. The complicated and cumbersome process of having images for reference was significantly made easy. The innovation was easily accessible to most of the consumers. Since then, the company has always led the filming and photography market with abundant new processes and products that make photography more useful, simpler and enjoyable. Contemporary, the company is not only known for filming an d photography, but also for a variety of images used in scientific, entertainment, leisure and commercial applications. The company was designed to involve technology to combine information and images. This created and continues to create the potential to reflective change on how businesses and people communicate (Kodak, n.d.).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Having conducted intensive research into filming, Eastman and colleagues introduced the first day-light camera. The user of the camera would reload the camera without the necessity to be in a darkroom. Initially, small companies that were borrowing Kodak’s idea faced intensive competition from Kodak. The founder invested heavily in RD which resulted in innovation of products that had a leading edge in the market. The products disrupted the photography and filming markets as they were highly innovative. Keeping p ace with the company’s innovative products was challenging for new entrants. Maintaining leadership in innovation is challenging for most technological companies. Kodak is an innovator in the camera, digital and film markets. The company’s engineer, Steven Sasson, invented the first digital camera in 1975. For many years, it was one of the key players in the visual and filmmaking fields. The company had almost been kicked out of the market by the late 1990s. In 2000, Eastman Kodak vowed to be the leader in digital cameras. According to many individuals, this was an absurd idea. By the year 2005, the company was ranked first in digital camera sales in the United States. The sales from digital cameras had surged by 40 percent to $5.7 billion. The key to increase in profits from digital cameras was product innovation. The company was a leader on the innovation platform. It designed various award-winning products one after another. This made digital photographing almost as simple as clicking and pointing (Hamm Symonds, 2006). In recent times, Eastman Kodak has announced that it had plans to stop the supply of pocket video cameras and digital cameras despite being innovative. The company will focus its business on photo printing. The company will license the brand to companies that make the devices once it exits the camera business. The company had disrupted the camera market by introducing the digital camera. However, it could not determine what to do with the new product. While other companies almost exclusively focused on technology, Kodak suffered from technology (Rangen, 2012). Kodak Tour Framework The framework for assessing Kodak’s innovation will incorporate product, process, product innovation charter, product portfolio, open innovation, radical innovation and the application of disruptive innovation.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Managing Product and Service Innovation for Kodak specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The tour framework employed by Kodak is always expensive in terms of the amount of money invested in research and development. Typically, radical innovations are more costly to pursue (Shionoya Perlman, 1994). Sasson’s innovation of the digital camera had initially met environment resistance since the invention required significant amount of investment. The innovation was radical since it was to change the photography industry. The company was competitive in terms of financial stability but the invention took huge amounts of money and time to develop. The challenge for the company was that the engineer was pursuing a product that could not be explained. This was an illustration of ‘subjectivity of knowledge’ as identified by Shionoya and Perlman (1994). Even though some members of the company management agreed to Sasson’s idea, some were reluctant creating tension between the company and the research an d development division. Fortunately, the innovation materialized and made huge profits for the company. In another instance in Kodak’s tour framework, Chester Carlsson started his own company. Xerox, after Kodak turned down his idea to develop a copy machine. The management insisted that the copy machine would not earn much revenue (Shipnoya and Perlman, 1994). This subjectivity of knowledge was weighed against deferential in expected net value of the intended innovation. Currently, Xerox is one of the leading companies in the copy machine industry. This illustrates that individuals with innovation potential are likely to start their own firms when they are faced by subjectivity of knowledge. Product Process The new product process has been effectively used by Kodak in the past to ensure that it accelerates the time to market new products as a strategic move. When it introduced the first digital camera, the company moved with speed to market the new product. This turned the c ompany’s profitability that other photography companies found hard to emulate or compete with. The development process and the packaging design implemented by the company offered the company a competitive edge over the competitors. The introduction of the digital camera was accompanied by product specifications, branding and marketing promotions. The company ensured that it maintained existing customers and marketed to prospective customers regarding the new product. This accelerated revenue realization. The cost of development of the digital was relatively low compared to other photography companies. This was facilitated by the company’s ability to reduce package development costs.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Product Innovation Charter Kodak’s product innovation charter involves development of new products that are meant to create new markets for the company. The company initially ensured that it had products that were less than five years old. Thus, the customers had access to the most recent technology. This resulted into huge profitability for the company. The survival of the company depended on investments into innovations. Most of products generated by this company made it successful. The invention of the digital camera was radical. Radical innovations are crucial to any organization (Huerta, 2010). One of the new products developed by Kodak in pursuing product innovation charter is the Kodak EasyShare-One Camera. This product was an addition to the existing product lines. Sasson’s invention was not an accidental discovery as the engineer knew there was potential in the digital camera. Since the innovation of the digital camera, the company stayed committed and focused to innovation as one of the long-term strategic goals. Product Portfolio Kodak’s product portfolio includes a range of products that are enticing to its customers. To demonstrate its commitment to product portfolio in the photography market, the company introduced developments in its award-winning professional and consumer film product portfolio. The improvements were revealed in 2006 at the Orlando’s Photo Marketing Association Show. The company changed the traditional product consumers’ experience by improving the one-time-use camera to PORTRA 800 color-negative film (Dingus, 2006). Open Innovation Open innovation was a new business strategy implemented by Kodak since 2002 when film cameras were outsold by digital cameras. The product development by the company took a different approach. Due to the decline in traditional film production, Kodak adopted an open innovation approach in developing its products. This was necessitated by Kodak’s diverse compe titors. Even though the digital camera developed by Kodak had substantial turnover realization, it became crushing revenue displeasure. In 2006, Perez termed digital cameras a ‘crappy business’ (Hamm William, 2006). Radical Innovation Basically, the raging progress of Kodak digital camera trades had facilitated the corporation’s fast-waning film proceeds but had not made a trivial replacement effect on the film commercial opulent returns. Initially when Perez became the chief executive officer in 2005, he championed an organizational change and innovation strategy that finally proved that it could not turn around the company to the initial giant it was. In less than a decade, Perez attempted to implement yet another strategy for the company. Considering the innovation and operational mistakes the company had made in the past, he attempted to reintroduce Kodak’s core business model (Crawford Benedetto, 2011). The notion was to make this corporation do to snapshots what Apple incorporation has been exploiting in music. The Apple’s strategy helped clients in organizing and managing their images within their private libraries. This move disrupted the digital camera industry by developing new digital photo services that were expected to bring higher returns. This was a sudden move by the company as it included rapid-fire scanning system to online sharing. The fast-moving scanning system similarly dubbed as Scan the Realm takes the reproduced snapshots and transform them into digital imageries whereas organizing them according to the printing dates. This was a huge challenge for the company as it attempted to move from hard print photos to digital. This attempt came at a time when innovation was in top gear. Most corporations fail due to believe that new market players offer diverse products with features simply cherished in the evolving markets external to the mainstream. In fact, Kodak Corporation did not recognize handsets and digital cameras as a prospective opposition to the firm’s core trades grounded on this basis (Hermida, 2012). Kodak’s primary commercial dealing was film cameras and this was aimed at clienteles who desired to have decent and excellent photographs. Moreover, this corporation was unsuccessful in recognizing that derived from the know-how history; the primary commodities versions are frequently of low value but modifies over a period to outshine the well-established commodities. As time pass, innovation become commoditized. It is thus imperative for commercial model inventions to be in a long-lasting pursuit for revitalization. Application of disruptive innovation framework The requisite change needed augment Kodak’s success should be done at management level. This means that changes will occur including the restructuring of the management, changing the business model and implementation of radical corporate thinking. This will translate to realignment of the corpo rate strategies. The management is best placed because it has the authority to make investments in technology. Solutions to Weaknesses Radical Corporate Thinking Approach It is imperative for executives to invest significantly in technologies that disrupt the existing customers and markets. Initially, these technologies initially bring little revenue. The challenge amid disrupting innovations, present clients and marketplaces, and filling innovation is openly validated by the Kodak Corporation’s undulation. Disruptive innovations present a challenge for long-standing methods of doing business. These challenges require radical corporate thinking strategy. The implementation of the newly generated ideas is largely determined by the organization environment and the availability of resources (Tidd et al, 2005). Invest in Technology To compete effectively in the market, Kodak must make considerable amount of investment in technology. When resources are available, the company will be able to initiate and respond to disruptive innovation. Keeping up with disruptive innovations require companies to incur costs so that they can realize the benefits of technology. These costs may either be nonmonetary or economic (Fulcher, 2012). Although Kodak has indicated its intention to sell its license to other companies that manufacture similar products, it is imperative for the management to realize that the company’s core business may be finally impacted by disruptive innovation in the market in it operates. The company management should use previous experience to prepare and move ahead to preempt any threats that may be presented by such disruptive innovations. The company should invest in technology and be ready for disruptive innovations considering the rate at which technology is advancing. This may require the company to invest in research and development in order to have new products ready for the market whenever a threat is detected. This will ensure that t he company is at par with technology and that the company products that are dominating the market are not regarded obsolete (DNN, 2009). In the situation where the products are obsolete, the company will have a replacement with better customer satisfaction. Change Business Model Kodak should also strive to move far from its core business model. The move should also be fast enough to allow it to adapt to new technologies. This will require diffusion innovation. Diffusion innovation will increase competitive advantage as Kodak will adopt new innovations based on the business model that will place it on the competitive edge (Tidd et al, 2005). It is challenging to get transformation right when an organization sticks too close to its core business. The company should not get trapped in its core business model. The company exclusively focused on photography even with the entry of new advanced technologies that threatened its existence. To illustrate this, the company only changed Ofoto f rom a portal where customers would exchange photos to a site where updates about life and news feed would be shared. This was meant to make people print pictures instead of developing an innovative concept. Restructuring Management For Kodak to succeed, it needs to drop its past success as this has been a huge impediment for the company. Even after the death of its founder, George Eastman in 1932, Kodak’s long-established ways remain difficult to change. Most of the leaders of the company still believe that his ideas were the best because he made the company successful. His ideas might have worked then but will not work in the contemporary world if innovation is locked out. The biggest challenge is hierarchical culture established since the launch of the company that is inclined towards the omnipotence of leadership. The culture is powerful that people do not openly disagree with the leaders (Hamm Symonds, 2006). The changes that will work to eliminate hierarchical culture s hould be radical as opposed to incremental. Radical change in how the employees view the leaders will help create an environment where employees will be free to express their constructive ideas and be innovative. The innovations will enable the company to stay ahead of the competitors via novel market offerings (Agarwal et al, 2003). Silent employees with excellent innovative ideas will not benefit the company. Employees’ innovative behaviors are reinforced by the combination of personality characteristics of the employer, the employees and work environment factors. The business environment which influences the conduct of employees determines whether the business will succeed or not since employees are the most important asset to a business. Freedom to think, express ideas and the authority to act influence employee innovation (Tidd et al, 2005). Application of the framework Business leaders have discovered that innovation of new products is not the only salvation for failing companies. It also does not turbo-charge performing companies. Most corporations’ basic undertakings are being interrupted by scientific alterations, fresh rivals and globalization. Therefore, it is necessary for Kodak Corporation to device commercial innovations model which will assist the company to hold on its competitive positions. These innovations require managers to take time while making innovation decisions. The innovation process should not be rushed since innovation goes through a number of processes. The decision to innovate should be carefully considered since they do not always bring good results as was the case with Kodak (Kodak, 2009). The decision made by Antonio Perez, the Kodak Chief Executive Officer, was an authoritative innovation. Although it involved Kodak management team, he played a major role in influencing the decision since he had the authority. The verdict that the corporation made ought to have been anchored on information, influence, decision, operation and ratification. The consequences of the decision impacted the company. Although the innovations were supposed to have propelled the company to its full potential, the implementation and followed did not reflect the initial intent. Conclusion Innovation is a search through which economically valuable problems are solved. Companies use technology to create and develop new processes, services and products to gain competitive advantage through innovation. The combination of different types of innovation helps organizations to improve efficiency, develop new products and expand market target. It is critical for organizations to have organizational strategies that are flexible enough to adopt changes that occur in their respective markets. Kodak should first change the hierarchical culture that was established when the company was founded to create room for employees to participate in innovations. It should also initiate different innovation methods such as disruption to prop el the stagnating company forward. Kodak became a victim of the disruptions it had initiated in the market. As technology advanced, the mobile phone took over as the every camera. The ‘Kodak moment’ that created a one-time and rare moment which was capture on Kodak photos started to be carried by mobile owners all the time. Although Kodak was innovative, it failed to identify the threats posed by mobile phones to digital imagery, the shifts in people’s behaviors and increased connectivity. References Agarwal, S., Erramilli, M. Dev, C. (2003). Market orientation and performance in service firms: Role of innovations. Journal of Service Marketing, 17 (1), 68-82. Crawford, M. Benedetto, A. (2011). New product management. London, UK: McGraw Hill International Edition. Dingus, D. (2006). Kodak introduces improvements across its film product portfolio. Retrieved from http://www.digitaldingus.com/news/2006/02/02172006kodakfilmimprovements.php DNN (2009). Design issue: Kodak zooms in on digital. Retrieved from http://www.designnetworknorth.org/resources/managing_change.asp?artTag=20mcTag=5 Fulcher, J. (2012). Kodak innovation and the need to not adhere too closely to core business models. Retrieved from https://community.kinaxis.com/people/JimFulcher/blog/2012/02/09/kodak-innovation-and-the-need-to-not-adhere-too-closely-to-core-business-models Hamm, S. Symonds, W. (2006). Strategies: Mistakes made on the road to innovation. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_48/b4011421.htm Hermida, A. (2012). What Kodak teaches us about disruptive innovation? Retrieved from http://www.reportr.net/2012/01/19/what-kodak-teaches-us-about-disruptive-innovation/ Huerta, F. (2010). New products management part 01. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/fhuertamty/new-products-management-part-01 Kodak (2009). Accelerating product time to market. Retrieved from http://www.kodak.com/global/mul/business/solutions/files/accelerating_product_t ime.pdf Kodak (n.d.). History of Kodak. Retrieved from http://www.kodak.com/ek/US/en/About_Kodak_Top/Our_Company/History_of_Kodak.htm Rangen, C. (2012). Kodak and its inability to change: A tale for many. Retrieved from http://engageinnovate.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/kodak-and-its-inability-to-change-a-tale-for-many/ Rodgers, E. M. (1983). Diffusion of innovations. New York, NY: Free Press. Shionoya, Y. Perlman, M. (1994). Innovation in technology, industries, and institutions: Studies in Schumpeterian perspectives. Michigan, MI: University of Michigan Press. Tidd, J., Bessant, J. Pavitt, K. (2005). Managing innovation: Integrating technological, market and organizational change. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. This report on Managing Product and Service Innovation for Kodak was written and submitted by user NicoMinoru to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Last Royal Family essays

The Last Royal Family essays The story of the Last Royal Family and The Russian Revolution is a fascinating one. The last czar Nicholas II, a.k.a. Bloody Nicholas, was a guy who was a nice man to everyone. He married the daughter of Grand Duke Ludwig of Hessen, Alice Victoria Eleanor Louisa Beatrice (Alexandra). They were the people in charge at the time and were the last royal family members. Nick and Alexandra love each other until death and their kids too. They had four girls and one boy. The girls names were Olga, Tatiana, Marie, and Anastasia. The boys name was Alexis. Alexis was the youngest of them all and Nicholas and Alexandra wanted to have a boy, it was a happy moment, but he had hemophilia. Nick and Alexandra did not tell anyone about this, but that was not smart. Nick was a horrible leader; he did not want to be a czar too. However, he still was. Nick enjoys going to parties and having fun with his family. Alexandra and Nick were faithful to each other for the rest of their lives. Everyone loved ni ck and his wife until Bloody Sunday. Peaceful Protesters of the war were shot by palace guards. Nicholas was blamed for Bloody Sunday. One day Alexis was outside on a boat and he got in a little boat accident. He had a big bruise on his leg and was in a lot of pain because he had hemophilia. He was in so much pain, his family thought he was going to die, and he was in this pain for about two weeks. Until this guy by the name of Grigori Rasputin came and visited Alexis and the next day he was healed. Grigori Rasputin was a semiliterate peasant and debauchee who preached and practiced a doctrine of salvation that mixed religious fervor with sexual indulgence. He was an ugly man; he had a long beard, greasy hair, and never bathed. No one in Russia likes Rasputin because he was always drunk, always with women, etc. People thought it was weird that he was with the Royal family and no one knew that Alexis had this disease. ...

Arming Police Officers

There can be a lot of benefits and disadvantages of ‘arming’ police officers in this country which I will be discussing along with the main issues raised in the article. One of the key issues raised in the article is that the two officers of this attack may have been victims of an ‘image boosting’ crime. This is where criminals specifically target police officers to be known as ‘folk heroes’ among the criminals. SIR PETER, F. 2012. ‘This case tells us something about the nature of organised crime, the level of intimidation that it creates and the fact people sometimes see others as folk heroes for being involved in this sort of activity. The Telegraph. 18 October. This suggests that officers in this country need to have more protection for themselves when facing criminals because they just don’t know what they are going to come up against. The two police officers who died weren’t expecting any trouble and thought they could e asily handle it. There has been a number of incidents where police officers have been attacked and they had no protection for themselves such as when Raoul Moat threatened to kill police officers, including shooting one in the face and leaving him blind for the rest of his life. DARREN, R. 2012. ‘How many officers need to die before the powers realise that it is the 21st century and you cannot fight crime with an outdated piece of plastic and a bit of spray. ’ The Telegraph. 18 October. Another key issue raised in the article is that a lot of other countries are armed to fight crime whereas here in the UK, there are only specific armed response units that go to specific incidents. In the article, the two police officers were going to a regular burglary allegation, unarmed and had no protection for themselves. The arguments over whether the police should be routinely armed go back to the creation of the capital’s first force by Robert Peel in 1829. Officers in the 19th century would very often carry a gun but British policing took a different direction from Europe and America by declining to issue weapons on a routine basis. This is because he wanted the police to be members of the public, in uniform who could be easily approached by the public without them being intimidated. PHILIP, J. 2012. The reason for this was set out in Peel’s principles of policing: he regarded the police as the public in uniform. Not for us the military-style continental carabinieri of whom the general populace walk in fear and distrust. Our police, said Peel, are civilians, members of the public â€Å"who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent upon every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence†. The Telegraph. 19 September. Without the use of guns, it has made our country a less violent place than those where the police are armed. On the other hand, it leaves our police more vulnerable to the hardened criminals who are prepared to use weapons such as guns and knives on civilians and our police officers as we have seen over the recent years. There is also another main issue that comes up in the article which is many people; including police officers are passionate about the British style of policing which is remaining unarmed despite the increasing numbers of attacks on innocent police officers. A 2006 survey showed that officers were very much against the idea of being armed. JON, K. 2012. A 2006 survey of 47,328 Police Federation members found 82% did not want officers to be routinely armed on duty, despite almost half saying their lives had been â€Å"in serious jeopardy† during the previous three years. BBC news magazine. 19 September. We have to remember that incidents such as the one that happened in Greater Manchester are extremely rare as gun crime remains low. As you can see from the diagram below, there has been a rise in firearm offences in England and Wales over the years but since 2008 it has been gradually decreasing from 10,000 offences in 2008, down to 7,000 in 2010. (BBC NEWS MAGAZINE) There are many advantages and disadvantages of regularly arming police officers in this country. It allows the officers to feel protected at all times, even when they’re not expecting anything to happen. There have been many incidents where police officers have been attacked and had nothing to protect them. Giving them the right to carry firearms would not only protect them but to let criminals know that they’re not afraid to use them. Fewer officers may die on duty if they were better protected. However, arming the police can lead to a spiral of violence. In places where the police are not routinely armed, a portion of criminals will not arm themselves. For example, armed robbery carries a higher sentence than robbery. Once the police are armed, criminals who do not match their capability have a disadvantage, therefore, when the police become routinely armed, the criminal world fully arms itself in response. This would potentially lead into an increase in weapon possession and use. Giving police officers the right to carry firearms could also make communities feel safer. The sight of armed police officers patrolling the streets will not only scare ‘gangs’ from harassing the public but will restore communities with confidence that they are being properly protected. This could also backfire because the public may feel intimidated by the firearms and feel that they couldn’t approach a police officer. Guns could potentially place a distance between the community and the police and have a negative effect. Day to day police checks such as spot checks on cars could seem a threat to the public. Also if police officers carry a firearm, they face the likely risk of having that weapon turned on them by a criminal. This could put police officers in greater risk. In conclusion to the question of ‘arming police officers’ there are a lot of benefits which would greatly help our police officers and our community but also a lot of threats which it may cause. As we can see, there are a lot of big issues that rise from the article such as the increase of ‘image boosting’ crime which unarmed police officers are being targeted and why there are only a handful of countries including the UK whose police forces are not routinely armed. The question that still remains is should our police officers be armed? My opinion is that there are too many high risks that arming our officers may cause. I think that gun crime in England and Wales is extremely low comparing to other countries where the police are routinely armed, gun crime is higher. Arming Police Officers There can be a lot of benefits and disadvantages of ‘arming’ police officers in this country which I will be discussing along with the main issues raised in the article. One of the key issues raised in the article is that the two officers of this attack may have been victims of an ‘image boosting’ crime. This is where criminals specifically target police officers to be known as ‘folk heroes’ among the criminals. SIR PETER, F. 2012. ‘This case tells us something about the nature of organised crime, the level of intimidation that it creates and the fact people sometimes see others as folk heroes for being involved in this sort of activity. The Telegraph. 18 October. This suggests that officers in this country need to have more protection for themselves when facing criminals because they just don’t know what they are going to come up against. The two police officers who died weren’t expecting any trouble and thought they could e asily handle it. There has been a number of incidents where police officers have been attacked and they had no protection for themselves such as when Raoul Moat threatened to kill police officers, including shooting one in the face and leaving him blind for the rest of his life. DARREN, R. 2012. ‘How many officers need to die before the powers realise that it is the 21st century and you cannot fight crime with an outdated piece of plastic and a bit of spray. ’ The Telegraph. 18 October. Another key issue raised in the article is that a lot of other countries are armed to fight crime whereas here in the UK, there are only specific armed response units that go to specific incidents. In the article, the two police officers were going to a regular burglary allegation, unarmed and had no protection for themselves. The arguments over whether the police should be routinely armed go back to the creation of the capital’s first force by Robert Peel in 1829. Officers in the 19th century would very often carry a gun but British policing took a different direction from Europe and America by declining to issue weapons on a routine basis. This is because he wanted the police to be members of the public, in uniform who could be easily approached by the public without them being intimidated. PHILIP, J. 2012. The reason for this was set out in Peel’s principles of policing: he regarded the police as the public in uniform. Not for us the military-style continental carabinieri of whom the general populace walk in fear and distrust. Our police, said Peel, are civilians, members of the public â€Å"who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent upon every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence†. The Telegraph. 19 September. Without the use of guns, it has made our country a less violent place than those where the police are armed. On the other hand, it leaves our police more vulnerable to the hardened criminals who are prepared to use weapons such as guns and knives on civilians and our police officers as we have seen over the recent years. There is also another main issue that comes up in the article which is many people; including police officers are passionate about the British style of policing which is remaining unarmed despite the increasing numbers of attacks on innocent police officers. A 2006 survey showed that officers were very much against the idea of being armed. JON, K. 2012. A 2006 survey of 47,328 Police Federation members found 82% did not want officers to be routinely armed on duty, despite almost half saying their lives had been â€Å"in serious jeopardy† during the previous three years. BBC news magazine. 19 September. We have to remember that incidents such as the one that happened in Greater Manchester are extremely rare as gun crime remains low. As you can see from the diagram below, there has been a rise in firearm offences in England and Wales over the years but since 2008 it has been gradually decreasing from 10,000 offences in 2008, down to 7,000 in 2010. (BBC NEWS MAGAZINE) There are many advantages and disadvantages of regularly arming police officers in this country. It allows the officers to feel protected at all times, even when they’re not expecting anything to happen. There have been many incidents where police officers have been attacked and had nothing to protect them. Giving them the right to carry firearms would not only protect them but to let criminals know that they’re not afraid to use them. Fewer officers may die on duty if they were better protected. However, arming the police can lead to a spiral of violence. In places where the police are not routinely armed, a portion of criminals will not arm themselves. For example, armed robbery carries a higher sentence than robbery. Once the police are armed, criminals who do not match their capability have a disadvantage, therefore, when the police become routinely armed, the criminal world fully arms itself in response. This would potentially lead into an increase in weapon possession and use. Giving police officers the right to carry firearms could also make communities feel safer. The sight of armed police officers patrolling the streets will not only scare ‘gangs’ from harassing the public but will restore communities with confidence that they are being properly protected. This could also backfire because the public may feel intimidated by the firearms and feel that they couldn’t approach a police officer. Guns could potentially place a distance between the community and the police and have a negative effect. Day to day police checks such as spot checks on cars could seem a threat to the public. Also if police officers carry a firearm, they face the likely risk of having that weapon turned on them by a criminal. This could put police officers in greater risk. In conclusion to the question of ‘arming police officers’ there are a lot of benefits which would greatly help our police officers and our community but also a lot of threats which it may cause. As we can see, there are a lot of big issues that rise from the article such as the increase of ‘image boosting’ crime which unarmed police officers are being targeted and why there are only a handful of countries including the UK whose police forces are not routinely armed. The question that still remains is should our police officers be armed? My opinion is that there are too many high risks that arming our officers may cause. I think that gun crime in England and Wales is extremely low comparing to other countries where the police are routinely armed, gun crime is higher.

Book Publishing Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book Publishing Industry - Assignment Example Their role is especially threatened with the availability of self-publishing options for the authors, an aspect that puts them out of the picture, with an added value of cheaper services for the authors (Bradley & Bartlett, 2012). Nevertheless, those publishers who will be willing to embrace the online trend and establish online services for the publishing of works, they are likely to survive. Such a trend is already evident with various publishers embracing online platforms through which they provide online versions of their publications to meet the online demand. The agents’ position and role are also threatened with the changes towards increased online services as the author have a choice of being in direct contact with the online platforms (Bradley & Bartlett, 2012). For them, they are likely to be intermediate, this time advocating the traditional publishing as it is only through this type of publishing that they role holds significance. An increase in the online demand f or reading material has a definitive impact on the print media. This means that with the increase in information technology, the printers are bound to be disintermediated from the book publishing industry as their role will be consumed by online publishing and accessibility of the books. On the other hand, the distributors are likely to be cyber-mediated through the development of online distribution platforms in the form of e-Libraries that would enhance the accessibility of eBooks (Bradley & Bartlett, 2012).

Answer quesiton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer quesiton - Essay Example By providing a large number of provincial and local executive offices, the mestizos stamped their mark of authority and control over the bicameral form of government in nearly all aspects of the sociological and political history of the Philippines. Further, they consolidated their rights and power by giving administrative rights and powers in the hands of their blood relatives and friends. Their brothers, sisters and other close members were given senior positions in the power blocs, and sons and nephews were vested with junior authority levels. The idea was to ensure total domination of the country in the hands of the mestizos. Thus they avoided democratic forms of sharing power with the elected representatives of the people. The origin of political dynasty rule was enunciated by the earlier Aquinos and Cojuangcos and has since, through the process of descent, passed onto the hands of the present ruler, Corazon Aquino. The absence of democratic process and the rule of dynasties has been one aspect by which the Filipino political scenario differs significantly from that of other South East Asian nations. Yet another aspect is that, unlike other SE Asian nations, which boast of massive bureaucratic style of governing, in Philippines the mestizos are under the administrative control of the Americans, to whom they have pledged support, in return for a bargain to remain in power. There is a minimum number of positions for civil servants and the entire power sharing lies in the hands of the mestizos. There were massive conversions into Christianity and today, nearly 90% of the population is of Christian faith. These conversions were carried out, not through use of the medium of the Spanish language, but by use of a host of other languages. Although Philippines was ruled by the Spaniards for a considerable length of time, Spanish has not become the common language of the local people of the island

The supernatural aspects of Macbeth Essay Example for Free

The supernatural aspects of Macbeth Essay In my essay I am going to be writing about the Supernatural aspects of Macbeth. I will be referring closely to Act 1 Scene 3, Act 1 Scene 5 and Act 4 Scene 1. In Shakespeares day people were obsessed with witchcraft. Shakespeare added supernatural elements to the play to grab the audiences attention right from the beginning. This includes opening (Act 1 Scene 1) Macbeth with three witches, with immediately establishes the influence of the supernatural. They are discussing where they will meet Macbeth to tell him his future. In Act 1 Scene 3, the three witches are talking about the death of a sea captain, whilst waiting for Macbeth. Macbeth arrives with Banquo, and each of the three witches has something different to tell Macbeth. The first witch says All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! , the second witch says All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! , and the third witch says All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter! Macbeth is very confused and begins to question what the witches had said to him. Then, the three witches disappear. This would have caused a gasp in the audience in Shakespeares day because of the Supernatural phenomena. This basically means that the witches can tell the future, and this scares the audience. In Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth receives a letter from Macbeth, telling her of the witches predictions. She is a very ambitious woman and will make sure that the prediction will be fulfilled. When she hears that King Duncan is on the way to the castle, she calls upon the evil spirits to help her carry out the murder of King Duncan. She says; Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here and fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty! Make thick my blood; stop up the access and passage to remorse, when she says unsex me here, she is asking the spirits to take away her femininity because she wants to have the strength of a man. She also says Stop up the access and passage to remorse which means she is asking the spirits to take away the emotion guilt so that she cannot feel bad about what she has done or have doubts. A Shakespearean audience would find this part of the play very shocking because this was probably the part of The Supernatural that they knew least about. In Act 4, Scene 1 the witches are preparing a cauldron whilst waiting for the arrival of Macbeth. Hecate (The head witch) comes to make sure that all is ready whilst the other witches seal the charm/spell. Macbeth then arrives commanding the witches to tell him what he wants to know. If you asked people in the modern day what a common thing for a witch to say is, they would most probably say Double, double toil and trouble. Shakespeare added this to the play because he knew that it would leave an effect on the audience. The witches show Macbeth four apparitions. The first apparition is a Helmeted Head, which warns Macbeth to be cautious of Macduff. The Second apparition is a child covered in blood, which tells Macbeth that no man born from woman can harm him. The third apparition is a child crowned with a tree in his hand; this tells Macbeth that he is safe until Birnham Wood moves to Dunsinane. The fourth and last apparition, is a show of eight kings, the last with a glass in his hand; Banquo following. This shows Macbeth that Banquos descendants will be crowned king. This means that the witches were right because it comes true at the end of the play. On a modern stage, Macbeth would be shown with a lot of electrical sound effects, lighting, smoke machine ECT. But in the Shakespearean day, there wasnt anything like that so people would have to create their own sound effects, and have to wait until a certain time of day to set the scene. In conclusion, there are many supernatural aspects to Macbeth. This leaves the audience is left confused whether the Supernatural is real or not and have to make up their own minds. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

The South Pole, a comparison essay :: essays research papers

An arid tundra; temperatures so cold that limbs become black and immobile, land so barren that hardly anything can survive, this is the South Pole. Why anyone would want to go there may be hard to understand. Traveling to the South Pole isn’t just a lengthy process and an uncomfortable experience, it is extremely dangerous as going to far south provides several life threatening conditions. To survive in such cold conditions one would need specially made clothing designed for such extremely cold climate. Maybe the pre-planning part of the trip is what separates Amundsen and Scott the most. Both explorers have reached the South Pole but only Amundsen has returned, in good health. This can be mostly attributed to careful planning or as some would call, luck. Amundsen once said, â€Å"’Victory awaits those who have everything in order. People call this luck†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (517). It can be judged from this quote that Amundsen is not one to believe in superstition. He believed that luck is a direct result of cautious planning and careful decision making. Scott on the other hand had a more fate oriented outlook on luck. A note was found beside Scott’s body that read, â€Å"’The causes of the disaster are not due to faulty organization but to misfortune’† (522). Scott believed that several events could take place during a journey that were out of the control of the explorer, who in this case was Scott. Several events have occurred in Scott’s journey but not in Amundsen’s. Some of the misfortunes of Scott’s advent ure include having several supplies break through thin ice and become lost in the South Pole water. This mishap probably couldn’t have been avoided unless the utmost scrutiny was observed during the trip. Being so cautious and careful would take a large amount of travel time away however and one can not possibly expect to reach the South Pole while traveling so slowly. So perhaps Scott was right and Amundsen has succeeded by blind luck along with his careful planning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amundsen analyzed every aspect of the journey before setting forth. If he felt that any particular item wasn’t as efficient as it possibly could he would upgrade and modify it. This act of Amundsen can be attributed to his success as well as some other plans he made. Amundsen planned for a long time, he studied everything that was written about the South Pole.

General Economic Indices for the Power Tool Market Essay

In assessing the power tool industries, it can be found that there are several general economic indices which have are important in assessing the viability of the industry. There are four of these which could be assessed for the purpose of the Able Corporation as they pursue their goals with their products. These four general economic indices include housing starts, expenditures for residential construction, expenditures for commercial construction, and expenditures for home repairs and improvement. First, the housing start statistics which have become relevant to the industry â€Å"represent the beginning of the construction of new privately owned single-family homes, townhouses, and multifamily apartment buildings† (Frumkin, 2005, p. 132). Moreover, it excludes infrastructures for housing which fall under mobile homes, group quarters, public housing properties, renovations made to existing houses, and converted housing from non-residential to residential housing (Frumkin, 2005). From the historical data presented from the US Census Bureau, there is an erratic trend that can be seen from the year 2004 to 2008. However, it is apparent that there is a continuous decrease from the year 2005 up to the 2008 leaving the year 2004 as the only exception. The respective values for each year are 1,955,800 for the year 2004; 2,068,300 for the year 2005; 1,800,900 for the year 2006; 1,355,000 for the year 2007; and 905,500 for the year 2008 (â€Å"New Privately Owned,† n. d. ). From the trend shown, it is made apparent that the housing units which have been started are becoming lower every year from the US data. Second, there are also relevant data which are made available for the expenditures which are placed for residential repairs and improvement. This type of data shows the amount of money that has been used for the purpose of improving the residential places for purposes of repairs and improvement. For the year 2003, the data shows that $179,700,000,000 has been spent on the first quarter, $173,200,000,000 has been spent on the second quarter, $187,400,000 has been spent on the third quarter, and $166,700,000,000 has been spent on the fourth quarter (US Census Bureau News, 2008). On the other hand, there are costs of $198,900,000,000 for the first quarter, $192,600,000,000 for the second quarter, $202,100,000,000 for the third quarter, and $200,500,000,000 for the fourth quarter (US Census Bureau News, 2008). For the year 2005, the respective value for the first to fourth quarters are $213,600,000,000 $192,800,000,000, $220,900,000,000 and $235,500,000,000 (US Census Bureau News, 2008). For the year 2006, the values for the respective four quarters are $232,200,000,000, $225,000,000,000, $231,000,000,000, and $226,000,000,000 (US Census Bureau News, 2008). As for the year 2007, the value for the first to the fourth quarter is $230,900,000,000, $227,700,000,000, $213,200,000,000, and $236,600,000,000 (US Census Bureau News, 2008). From these values, it is shown that the expenditures for each quarter and across the years are increasing such that there has been more cost spent for this on the latest years of the historical data. Third, the report of the US Census Bureau also shows that there are also expenditures for residential construction which can be studied from the year 2003 to 2007. For the year 2003, the total expenditure is $705,276,000,000. The succeeding values are: $803,305,000,000 for 2004, $897,989,000,000 for 2005, $937,047,000,000 for the year 2006, and $875,010,000,000 for the year 2007 (â€Å"Construction and housing,† 2009). While the trend shows that here is a constant increase from the year 2003 to the year 2006, there is a sudden plunge for 2007 which can be accounted to several economic factors that prohibit the construction of new residential infrastructures. Fourth, there is also an economic index available for expenditures on nonresidential units, which is also taken from the US Census Bureau. From the year 2003 to 2007, the respective values are $229,335,000,000, $238,478,000,000, $256,644,000,000, $295,715,000,000, and $349,566,000,000 (â€Å"Construction and housing,† 2009). From these data, it can be observed that there is a continuous increase in the amount spent for the purpose of construction nonresidential units. In relation to the power tool market, these economic general indices are considered to be important because of the role it plays in terms of the demand for power tools which are required for construction. The housing start data would dictate how many new power tools may be required together with the amount of expenditures that are seen to be used for improvements and construction of new infrastructures. The fact that power tools are considered to be a necessity for the construction and repair of housing and nonresidential units relates this industry to the construction of housing and nonresidential ones. During cases where there are disparities, it is important to note that these general economic indices will be of great help only when accuracy is present. However, when there are cases where it is difficult to see which of the current findings are accurate, there should be information from other related economic factors that come from the government which could be a reliable source of data. Thus, it can be seen that there are several factors which affect the power tool market considering the economic relations it has with the construction industry. There are several ways through which the economic forecasts for the power tool industry can be obtained in relation to the construction data. References Frumkin, N. (2005). Guide to economic indicators (4th Ed. ). Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. Newly Privately Owned Housing Units Started. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 23, 2009, from http://www. census. gov/const/startsan. pdf. Section 20: Construction and housing. (2009). Retrieved April 23, 2009, from http://www. census. gov/prod/2008pubs/09statab/construct. pdf. US Census Bureau News. (2008). Expenditures for improvements and repairs of residential properties estimated at $226. 4 Billion in 2007. Retrieved April 23, 2009, from http://www. census. gov/const/c50_curr. pdf.

Environmental Effects of Pesticides Essay

Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including nontarget species, air, water, bottom sediments, and food.[1] Pesticide contaminates land and water when it escapes from production sites and storage tanks, when it runs off from fields, when it is discarded, when it is sprayed aerially, and when it is sprayed into water to kill algae.[2] The amount of pesticide that migrates from the intended application area is influenced by the particular chemical’s properties: its propensity for binding to soil, its vapor pressure, its water solubility, and its resistance to being broken down over time.[3] Factors in the soil, such as its texture, its ability to retain water, and the amount of organic matter contained in it, also affect the amount of pesticide that will leave the area.[3] Some pesticides contribute to global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer.[4] [edit] Air Pesticides can contribute to air pollution . Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them.[5] Pesticides that are applied to crops can volatilize and may be blown by winds into nearby areas, potentially posing a threat to wildlife.[6] Also, droplets of sprayed pesticides or particles from pesticides applied as dusts may travel on the wind to other areas,[7] or pesticides may adhere to particles that blow in the wind, such as dust particles.[8] Ground spraying produces less pesticide drift than aerial spraying does.[9] Farmers can employ a buffer zone around their crop, consisting of empty land or non-crop plants such as evergreen trees to serve as windbreaks and absorb the pesticides, preventing drift into other areas.[10] Such windbreaks are legally required in the Netherlands.[10] Pesticides that are sprayed on to fields and used to fumigate soil can give off chemicals called volatile organic compounds, which can react with other chemicals and form a pollutant called tropospheric ozone. Pesticide use accounts for about 6 percent of total tropospheric ozone levels.[11] [edit] Water In the United States, pesticides were found to pollute every stream and over 90% of wells sampled in a study by the US Geological Survey.[12] Pesticide residues have also been found in rain and groundwater.[3] Studies by the UK government showed that pesticide concentrations exceeded those allowable for drinking water in some samples of river water and groundwater.[13] Pesticide impacts on aquatic systems are often studied using a hydrology transport model to study movement and fate of chemicals in rivers and streams. As early as the 1970s quantitative analysis of pesticide runoff was conducted in order to predict amounts of pesticide that would reach surface waters.[14] There are four major routes through which pesticides reach the water: it may drift outside of the intended area when it is sprayed, it may percolate, or leach, through the soil, it may be carried to the water as runoff, or it may be spilled, for example accidentally or through neglect.[15] They may also be carried to water by eroding soil.[16] Factors that affect a pesticide’s ability to contaminate water include its water solubility, the distance from an application site to a body of water, weather, soil type, presence of a growing crop, and the method used to apply the chemical.[17] Maximum limits of allowable concentrations for individual pesticides in public bodies of water are set by the Environmental Protection Agency in the US.[3][17] Similarly, the government of the United Kingdom sets Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), or maximum allowable concentrations of some pesticides in bodies of water above which toxicity may occur.[18] The European Union also regulates maximum concentrations of pesticides in water.[18] [edit] Soil Many of the chemicals used in pesticides are persistent soil contaminants, whose impact may endure for decades and adversely affect soil conservation.[19] The use of pesticides decreases the general biodiversity in the soil. Not using the chemicals results in higher soil quality,[verification needed][20] with the additional effect that more organic matter in the soil allows for higher water retention.[3] This helps increase yields for farms in drought years, when organic farms have had yields 20-40% higher than their conventional counterparts.[21] A smaller content of organic matter in the soil increases the amount of pesticide that will leave the area of application, because organic matter binds to and helps break down pesticides.[3] [edit] Effects on biota [edit] Plants Nitrogen fixation, which is required for the growth of higher plants, is hindered by pesticides in soil.[22] The insecticides DDT, methyl parathion, and especially pentachlorophenol have been shown to interfere with legume-rhizobium chemical signaling.[22] Reduction of this symbiotic chemical signaling results in reduced nitrogen fixation and thus reduced crop yields.[22] Root nodule formation in these plants saves the world economy $10 billion in synthetic nitrogen fertilizer every year.[23] Pesticides can kill bees and are strongly implicated in pollinator decline, the loss of species that pollinate plants, including through the mechanism of Colony Collapse Disorder,[24][25][26][27] in which worker bees from a beehive or Western honey bee colony abruptly disappear. Application of pesticides to crops that are in bloom can kill honeybees,[5] which act as pollinators. The USDA and USFWS estimate that US farmers lose at least $200 million a year from reduced crop pollination because pesticides applied to fields eliminate about a fifth of honeybee colonies in the US and harm an additional 15%.[1] On the other side, pesticides have some direct harmful effect on plant including poor root hair development, shoot yellowing and reduced plant growth [28]. [edit] Animals Pesticides inflict extremely widespread damage to biota, and many countries have acted to discourage pesticide usage through their Biodiversity Action Plans.[citation needed] Animals may be poisoned by pesticide residues that remain on food after spraying, for example when wild animals enter sprayed fields or nearby areas shortly after spraying.[9] Widespread application of pesticides can eliminate food sources that certain types of animals need, causing the animals to relocate, change their diet, or starve.[5] Poisoning from pesticides can travel up the food chain; for example, birds can be harmed when they eat insects and worms that have consumed pesticides.[5] Some pesticides can bioaccumulate, or build up to toxic levels in the bodies of organisms that consume them over time, a phenomenon that impacts species high on the food chain especially hard.[5] [edit] Birds Bald eagles are common examples of nontarget organisms that are impacted by pesticide use. Rachel Carson’s landmark book Silent Spring dealt with the loss of bird species due to bioaccumulation of pesticides in their tissues. There is evidence that birds are continuing to be harmed by pesticide use. In the farmland of Britain, populations of ten different species of birds have declined by 10 million breeding individuals between 1979 and 1999, a phenomenon thought to have resulted from loss of plant and invertebrate species on which the birds feed.[29] Throughout Europe, 116 species of birds are now threatened.[29] Reductions in bird populations have been found to be associated with times and areas in which pesticides are used.[29] In another example, some types of fungicides used in peanut farming are only slightly toxic to birds and mammals, but may kill off earthworms, which can in turn reduce populations of the birds and mammals that feed on them.[9] Some pesticides come in granular form, and birds and other wildlife may eat the granules, mistaking them for grains of food.[9] A few granules of a pesticide is enough to kill a small bird.[9] The herbicide paraquat, when sprayed onto bird eggs, causes growth abnormalities in embryos and reduces the number of chicks that hatch successfully, but most herbicides do not directly cause much harm to birds.[9] Herbicides may endanger bird populations by reducing their habitat.[9] [edit] Aquatic life Fish and other aquatic biota may be harmed by pesticide-contaminated water.[30] Pesticide surface runoff into rivers and streams can be highly lethal to aquatic life, sometimes killing all the fish in a particular stream.[31] Application of herbicides to bodies of water can cause fish kills when the dead plants rot and use up the water’s oxygen, suffocating the fish.[30] Some herbicides, such as copper sulfite, that are applied to water to kill plants are toxic to fish and other water animals at concentrations similar to those used to kill the plants.[30] Repeated exposure to sublethal doses of some pesticides can cause physiological and behavioral changes in fish that reduce populations, such as abandonment of nests and broods, decreased immunity to disease, and increased failure to avoid predators.[30] Application of herbicides to bodies of water can kill off plants on which fish depend for their habitat.[30] Pesticides can accumulate in bodies of water to levels that kill off zooplankton, the main source of food for young fish.[32] Pesticides can kill off the insects on which some fish feed, causing the fish to travel farther in search of food and exposing them to greater risk from predators.[30] The faster a given pesticide breaks down in the environment, the less threat it poses to aquatic life.[30] Insecticides are more toxic to aquatic life than herbicides and fungicides.[30] [edit] Amphibians See also: Decline in amphibian population In the past several decades, decline in amphibian populations has been occurring all over the world, for unexplained reasons which are thought to be varied but of which pesticides may be a part.[33] Mixtures of multiple pesticides appear to have a cumulative toxic effect on frogs.[34] Tadpoles from ponds with multiple pesticides present in the water take longer to metamorphose into frogs and are smaller when they do, decreasing their ability to catch prey and avoid predators.[34] A Canadian study showed that exposing tadpoles to endosulfan, an organochloride pesticide at levels that are likely to be found in habitats near fields sprayed with the chemical kills the tadpoles and causes behavioral and growth abnormalities.[35] The herbicide atrazine has been shown to turn male frogs into hermaphrodites, decreasing their ability to reproduce.[34] [edit] Humans See also: Pesticide residue Pesticides can enter the human body through inhalation of aerosols, dust and vapor that contain pesticides; through oral exposure by consuming food and water; and through dermal exposure by direct contact of pesticides with skin.[36] Pesticides are sprayed onto food, especially fruits and vegetables, they secrete into soils and groundwater which can end up in drinking water, and pesticide spray can drift and pollute the air. The effects of pesticides on human health are more harmful based on the toxicity of the chemical and the length and magnitude of exposure.[37] Farm workers and their families experience the greatest exposure to agricultural pesticides through direct contact with the chemicals. But every human contains a percentage of pesticides found in fat samples in their body. Children are most susceptible and sensitive to pesticides due to their small size and underdevelopment.[36] The chemicals can bioaccumulate in the body over time. Exposure to pesticides can range from mild skin irritation to birth defects, tumors, genetic changes, blood and nerve disorders, endocrine disruption, and even coma or death.[38] Some pesticides, including aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, and toxaphene, are considered POPs.[39] POPs have the ability to volatilize and travel great distances through the atmosphere to become deposited in remote regions.[39] The chemicals also have the ability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify, and can bioconcentrate (i.e. become more concentrated) up to 70,000 times their original concentrations.[39] POPs may continue to poison non-target organisms in the environment and increase risk to humans[40] by disruption in the endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems; cancer; neurobehavioral disorders,[39] infertility and mutagenic effects, although very little is currently known about these chronic effects. Some POPs have been banned, while others continue to be used. [edit] Pest resistance